Pointing fingers at neonicotinoid pesticides is a distraction, and a false flag to confuse, and give credence to safety of the other pesticides in use...
"Published in PLOS ONE, the research shows that among the four pesticides, honey bee larvae were most sensitive to chlorothalonil. They also were negatively affected by a mixture of chlorothalonil with fluvalinate. In addition, the larvae were sensitive to the combination of chlorothalonil with the miticide coumaphos;.. which are found to persist within beehives for about five years.
These pesticides may directly poison honey bee larvae or they may indirectly kill them by disrupting the beneficial fungi that are essential for nurse bees to process pollen into beebread,
...also found that increasing amounts of NMP corresponded to increased larval mortality, even at the lowest concentration tested."
**Fluvalinate and coumaphos are commonly used by beekeepers on crops to control Varroa mites, and are found to persist within beehives for about five years.
**Chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum agricultural fungicide that is often applied to crops in bloom when honey bees are present for pollination because it is currently deemed safe to bees.
**Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphate in crop management.
PENN STATE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Original Study
Posted by Sara LaJeunesse-Penn State on January 28, 2014
http://www.futurity.org/pesticides-hive-kill-honeybee-larvae/
ϟ ...dietary exposure assessment for the purpose of assessing cancer risk is unnecessary
ϟ ...data be provided 5 years after the tolerance is established,
ϟ ...An acute dietary risk assessment was not conducted
ϟ ...intermediate-term exposures are not likely because of the intermittent nature of applications by homeowners.
ϟ ...In addition, the submitted data support the conclusion that the effects on the thyroid are secondary to effects on the liver.
ϟ ...Post-application incidental oral exposures for children may occur for short- and intermediate-term durations due to the persistence of cyantraniliprole. Further information regarding EPA standard assumptions and generic inputs for residential exposures may be found at http://www.epa.gov/.../science/residential-exposure-sop.html.
ϟ ...EPA has assumed that cyantraniliprole does not have a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances.
ϟ ...no need for a developmental neurotoxicity study or additional UFs to account for neurotoxicity.
ϟ ...No adverse effect resulting from a single oral exposure was identified and no acute dietary endpoint was selected. Therefore, cyantraniliprole is not expected to pose an acute risk.
ϟ ...Determination of safety. Based on these risk assessments, EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the general population or to infants and children from aggregate exposure to cyantraniliprole residues.
ϟ ...In making its tolerance decisions, EPA seeks to harmonize U.S. tolerances with international standards whenever possible, consistent with U.S. food safety standards and agricultural practices. EPA considers the international maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), as required by FFDCA section 408(b)(4). The Codex Alimentarius is a joint United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization food standards program, and it is recognized as an international food safety standards-setting organization in trade agreements to which the United States is a party. EPA may establish a tolerance that is different from a Codex MRL; however, FFDCA section 408(b)(4) requires that EPA explain the reasons for departing from the Codex level. Currently there are no Codex MRLs for cyantraniliprole.
ϟ ...Therefore, tolerances are established for residues of cyantraniliprole, 3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on....
https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/02/05/2014-02210/cyantraniliprole-pesticide-tolerances
"Published in PLOS ONE, the research shows that among the four pesticides, honey bee larvae were most sensitive to chlorothalonil. They also were negatively affected by a mixture of chlorothalonil with fluvalinate. In addition, the larvae were sensitive to the combination of chlorothalonil with the miticide coumaphos;.. which are found to persist within beehives for about five years.
These pesticides may directly poison honey bee larvae or they may indirectly kill them by disrupting the beneficial fungi that are essential for nurse bees to process pollen into beebread,
...also found that increasing amounts of NMP corresponded to increased larval mortality, even at the lowest concentration tested."
**Fluvalinate and coumaphos are commonly used by beekeepers on crops to control Varroa mites, and are found to persist within beehives for about five years.
**Chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum agricultural fungicide that is often applied to crops in bloom when honey bees are present for pollination because it is currently deemed safe to bees.
**Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphate in crop management.
PENN STATE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Original Study
Posted by Sara LaJeunesse-Penn State on January 28, 2014
http://www.futurity.org/pesticides-hive-kill-honeybee-larvae/
This is how it works...
ϟ ...a quantitative acute dietary exposure assessment is unnecessary.ϟ ...dietary exposure assessment for the purpose of assessing cancer risk is unnecessary
ϟ ...data be provided 5 years after the tolerance is established,
ϟ ...An acute dietary risk assessment was not conducted
ϟ ...intermediate-term exposures are not likely because of the intermittent nature of applications by homeowners.
ϟ ...In addition, the submitted data support the conclusion that the effects on the thyroid are secondary to effects on the liver.
ϟ ...Post-application incidental oral exposures for children may occur for short- and intermediate-term durations due to the persistence of cyantraniliprole. Further information regarding EPA standard assumptions and generic inputs for residential exposures may be found at http://www.epa.gov/.../science/residential-exposure-sop.html.
ϟ ...EPA has assumed that cyantraniliprole does not have a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances.
ϟ ...no need for a developmental neurotoxicity study or additional UFs to account for neurotoxicity.
ϟ ...No adverse effect resulting from a single oral exposure was identified and no acute dietary endpoint was selected. Therefore, cyantraniliprole is not expected to pose an acute risk.
ϟ ...2. Chronic risk. Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for chronic exposure, EPA has concluded that chronic exposure to cyantraniliprole from food and water will utilize 50% of the cPAD for children 1-2 years old (the population group receiving the greatest exposure) and 22% of the general U.S. population.
ϟ ...Determination of safety. Based on these risk assessments, EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the general population or to infants and children from aggregate exposure to cyantraniliprole residues.
ϟ ...In making its tolerance decisions, EPA seeks to harmonize U.S. tolerances with international standards whenever possible, consistent with U.S. food safety standards and agricultural practices. EPA considers the international maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), as required by FFDCA section 408(b)(4). The Codex Alimentarius is a joint United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization food standards program, and it is recognized as an international food safety standards-setting organization in trade agreements to which the United States is a party. EPA may establish a tolerance that is different from a Codex MRL; however, FFDCA section 408(b)(4) requires that EPA explain the reasons for departing from the Codex level. Currently there are no Codex MRLs for cyantraniliprole.
ϟ ...Therefore, tolerances are established for residues of cyantraniliprole, 3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, including its metabolites and degradates, in or on....
https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/02/05/2014-02210/cyantraniliprole-pesticide-tolerances
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