(*
Lactate dehydrogenase: (LDH) An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. This is an important step in energy production in cells. two major types of
lactate dehydrogenase: the M form and the H form ..These are very similar in size and shape, but they have different catalytic properties. The M form, which is the major form in your large skeletal muscles, is best at converting pyruvate to lactate. It stands ready to get to work if the muscles need to perform anaerobic exercise. The H form, on the other hand, is better at the opposite reaction, converting lactate to pyruvate. It is the major form in the heart, which has a constant supply of oxygen and can easily use lactate as an aerobic source of energy. The two types are so similar in structure that they form complexes with a mixture of both types, for instance, with two H chains and two M chains. In this way, different cells can tailor their
lactate dehydrogenases to fit their current needs.
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=102 )"
Shows the cause of Fibromyalgia...Where you cannot move with out terrible pain in the nerves that are in the muscles...Then imagine that is in every part of your body...but those parts do not move as much so you can't really tell except for the swelling in the joints and pain there too...and that is called arthritis...also pesticide poisoning...sometimes diagnosed as Rheumatoid arthritis...which is a Lupus symptom...which is also a pesticide poisoning that is misdiagnosed...
Plus the swelling in the joints is part of all the dead cell and tissue overload the body cannot handle for removal...Way too much...They treat that with steroid, Prednisone...But, barely helps...
There is no cure for pesticide poisoning...and it is never diagnosed as the cause of illnesses...even if you tell your doc that is the cause...There is nothing they can do anyway...so why go there and get in trouble for falling out of the system.
SO...if the energy production is being harmed...Pesticides are ravaging the processes and the structures...of our Mitochondria and Fascia...
Images of Living Fascia: Muscle Attitudes
Dr. J.C. Guimberteau, creator of “Strolling Under the Skin” comes this new video in collaboration with J.P. Delange. In it, they demonstrate that
muscle is a contractile structure completely included in the meshwork of the multifibrillar system described in “Strolling”
Tom says: For those who loved the unique images of living fascia under the skin and in the skin will be glad to know that Dr Guimberteau has turned his camera on the myofascia with stunning results. Great for teachers or for showing clients,
this new film is just right up the bodyworker’s alley.”
Clips from the new DVD by Dr JC Guimberteau Muscle Attitudes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjMpaRfjOmc
"As part of glycolysis, hydrogen from glucose is placed on NAD+ to form NADH. Normally, these hydrogen atoms are then transferred to oxygen to form water. If oxygen isn't available, the NADH builds up and there isn't enough NAD+ to continue using glycolysis to make ATP. That's where lactate dehydrogenase steps in: it combines pyruvate and NADH, producing lactic acid and NAD+. The NAD+ can then be recycled to do another round of glycolysis, quickly producing more energy for the sprint. However, lactic acid builds up and in a matter of a minute or so, you have to stop and let your body recover. As you catch your breath, your body converts the lactic acid back to pyruvate, where it enters your normal flow of aerobic energy production...
Lactate dehydrogenase is a safety valve in our pipeline of energy production. Most of the time, our cells break down glucose completely, releasing the carbon atoms as carbon dioxide and the hydrogen atoms as water. This requires a lot of oxygen. If the flow of oxygen is not sufficient, however, the pipeline of energy production gets stopped up at the end of glycolysis.
Lactate dehydrogenase is the way that cells solve this problem, at least temporarily."
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=102
"Albert L. Lehninger, in Principles Of Biochemistry, teaches that while muscle cells can oxidize fats for prolonged energy demand and sugar (glucose) for immediate energy...the brain cell has only one CURRENCY FOR ENERGY, and that is glucose. Thus, under stress, exaggerated mental activity requires additional glucose for the brain cell to function. Not only must the brain cell have extra glucose to cope with stress, the cytoplasm and mitochondria of brain cells (neurons), must have all of the members of the B-complex in their biologically-active-form the coenzymes required for anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis. Minerals and trace elements must also be available optimally. Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Manganese and Calcium play important roles in the conversion of sugar into energy, within all cells of the body. Being deficient in the B-complex factors, one cannot properly convert sugar or glucose to pyruvic acid for the anaerobic glycolytic pathway of sugar metabolism in the cell cytoplasm. Without B1, pyruvic acid cannot be converted to coenzyme A and enter the mitochondria to participate in the citric acid cycle and form ATP. As a result, pyruvic acid accumulates in nervous tissue and piles up on nerve endings causing irritation. Then the cells signal for help.
The adrenal medula comes to the rescue, increases its function and hormone output...and, as a result, provides the mechanism and the stimulus for producing muscle and brain energy by gluconeogenesis. As long as adrenal hormone output is sufficient, one can survive all the symptoms of B-complex deficiency. The adrenal glands need protein, minerals and vitamin C (not ascorbic acid), especially tyrosinase (organic copper), to produce catecholamines. Without that extra energy, the person will flee, or cry, or hide. Emotionally they usually hide or separate from reality...the classical nervous breakdown, or nervous exhaustion. When this inevitable point is near at hand, the person not only needs total nutritional support, but also adrenal support. Besides those nutrients mentioned in the glycolytic phase, the Krebs energy cycle uses B3 five times, B1 two times, Pantothenic acid two times and Biotin three times. Biotin, normally synthesized in the intestines, is needed to transport CO2 from the cells into the circulation. Heavy metal toxicity blocks Biotin function, while antibiotics and chlorine in water, stop or restrict Biotin production in the intestinal tract. In the anaerobic phase of glycolysis, Fluoride blocks the very important enolase reaction, which impairs glucose metabolism. B2, Riboflavin or "G" combines with several enzymes and enzyme systems forming many flavo-proteins. It is present in retinal pigment contributing to visual acuity. "
Scientists from Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University (NTU Singapore) and McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School in the United States have found that...
"Assoc Prof Yoon said the team had screened about 1000 FDA-approved drugs before they found two anti-malaria drugs which worked: chloroquine and aAmodiaquine. -
http://www.neuroscientistnews.com/research-news/potential-treatment-parkinson-s-disease-discovered
Exploring the Structure
The protozoan parasites that cause malaria are thought to rely on glycolysis for most of their energy during part of their cycle of infection. Researchers are now looking for drugs to block the action of
lactate dehydrogenase as a way of attacking these parasites and curing the infection. The structure shown here (PDB entry 1cet) has four molecules of chloroquine bound in the active sites of the
lactate dehydrogenase found in the Plasmodium parasite.
>>>Chloroquine is one of the major drugs used to treat malaria, however, its major site of action probably isn't at this enzyme; instead, it is thought to block the unusual methods that the parasite must use to feed on blood.
But researchers are exploring many other anti-malarial molecules that target
lactate dehydrogenase, as seen in other PDB entries such as 1t24, 1t25, and similar structures.
Down in the atomic structure...
Adenosine diphosphate (ATP) in Mitochondria.
ATP, is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.
ATP is creating the matrix of the Mitochondria.
Creating energy to spin and make more energy.
Making energy for protons and electrons...
A cycle supplying fuel with the spent products being brought back to be re-synthesized.
"A beautiful Machine"
We make ADP 50 -60 kilograms/110 - 132 pounds per day equivalent to our body weight.
95% of the oxygen we breath in is converted to WATER!
Fascia
"A Beautiful Thing..."
Carries water throughout our bodies...
OHM Living Fascia 25x Magnified
The last 5 minutes of ATP Synthase: the Understood, the Uncertain, and the Unknown
Powering the Cell: Mitochondria
Phospholipids and Cardiolipids .. he says, are the secret to the structure mechanism of the machine that is the TREE OF LIFE.
I have an illness call Antiphospholipid Syndrome with AntiCardiolipin caused by pesticide poisoning...
This video opens a door to a better understanding.
A French study has linked glyphosate in Roundup to damage to human cells. The study showed cell death in placental cells, kidney cells, embryonic cells, and neonate umbilical cells. The study showed total cell death within 24 hours of being exposed to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup. Cell death was reported at concentrations as low as .005 percent Roundup. Common causes of cell death was membrane rupture, mitochondrial damage, and cell asphyxia, or inability to respire. Cell damage was noted at concentrations 500 to 1,000 times lower than present accepted levels in agriculture.
February 21, 2013
In a new research paper published in the high ranked scientific journal Toxicology, Robin Mesnage, Benoît Bernay and Professor Gilles-Eric Séralini
"A groundbreaking new study finds synthetic (GMO) insulin is capable of rapidly producing type 1 diabetes in type 2 diabetics."
Here are some clues deep within our DNA/RNA/ATP/ADP that show why this happens...
The repressor protein is produced by a regulator gene. The region of DNA where the repressor protein binds is the operator site. The promoter site is a region of DNA where RNA polymerase can bind. The entire unit (promoter, operator, and genes) is an operon.
The operator acts like a switch that can turn several genes on or off at the same time.
The lac operon is an inducible operon that uses negative control. It is inducible because the structural genes are normally inactive but the presence of lactose induces them to become active. It is negative control because an active repressor prevents transcription.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The energy in one glucose molecule is used to produce 36 ATP. ATP has approximately the right amount of energy for most cellular reactions.
ATP is produced and used continuously. The entire amount of ATP in an organism is recycled once per minute. Most cells maintain only a few seconds supply of ATP.
Transcription of the structural genes of the lac operon also requires reduced levels of glucose. The role of glucose in promoting transcription is discussed later (see Positive and Negative Control of the Lac Operon below).
Positive and Negative Control of the Lac Operon
The lac operon discussed earlier as an example of negative control is also an example of positive control. The cell normally uses glucose as a carbon source. When the level of glucose declines, the level of a signaling molecule called cyclic AMP (cAMP) increases. Cyclic AMP binds to a protein called CAP (catabolic activator protein) which then binds to the promoter region, causing transcription to occur. Reduced glucose, therefore, promotes the transcription of the lac Z, Y, and A genes. However, because the lac operon is inducible, lactose must be present.
By having both positive and negative control operating at the same time, the structural genes in the lac operon are not active unless the level of glucose is reduced and lactose is available.
Protein Activation
Some proteins are not active when they are first formed. They must undergo modification such as folding, enzymatic cleavage, or bond formation.
Example: Proinsulin is a precursor to the hormone insulin. It must be cleaved into 2 polypeptide chains and then some amino acids must be removed to form insulin.
Many proteins are activated by adding phosphate groups. They can be inactivated by removing phosphate groups. For example, kinases activate by adding phosphate groups and phosphodiesterase inactivates by removing the phosphate groups.
Feedback Control
Some enzymes in a metabolic pathway may be negatively inhibited by products of the pathway.
In oxidation-reduction reactions, coenzymes often remove electrons from the substrate and pass them to other molecules. Often the electron is added to a proton to form a hydrogen atom before it is passed. In this way, coenzymes serve to carry energy in the form of electrons (or hydrogen atoms) from one compound to another.
Vitamins are small organic molecules required in trace amounts. They usually act as coenzymes or precursors to coenzymes.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules
. . . The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.[1]
. . . It is becoming increasingly clear that RNA binding proteins regulate posttranscriptional gene expression and play a critical role in RNA stability and translation.
. . . micronucleus test was performed to detect chromosomal damage...from spleen of rats... rats fed GM soyabean alone revealed a significant decrease in the amount of DNA...
. . . the activator binds to DNA and enables the binding of RNA polymerase.
. . . The mechanism for the decrease in the amount of DNA was discussed by Zhou et al. [27] who reported on hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis, DNA damage and the lesions of the extracellular matrix...could cause liver toxicity due to DNA strand breaks in hepatocytes.
. . . The binding of an inhibitor...alters the shape of the enzyme, resulting in a distorted active site that does not function properly.
. . . Poisons are inhibitors that bind irreversibly.
Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon.
USDA: RNA-interference Pesticides Will Need Special Safety Testing
http://www.gmoevidence.com/usda-rna-interference-pesticides-will-need-special-safety-testing/
The Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Soybean on DNA, Cytogenicity and Some Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4073157/
...by feeding as a dietary component.
Feasibility, limitation and possible solutions of RNAi-based technology for insect pest control.
"Numerous studies indicate that target gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) could lead to insect death. This
phenomenon has been considered as a potential strategy for insect pest control, and it is termed RNAi-mediated crop protection. However, there are many limitations using RNAi-based technology for pest control, with the effectiveness target gene selection and reliable double-strand RNA (dsRNA) delivery being two of the major challenges. With respect to target gene selection, at present, the use of homologous genes and genome-scale high-throughput screening are the main strategies adopted by researchers. Once the target gene is identified, dsRNA can be delivered by micro-injection or by feeding as a dietary component."
http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/23955822/Feasibility-limitation-and-possible-solutions-of-RNAi-based-technology-for-insect-pest-control.
very specific ?
...for use in potential plant-based RNAi control strategies. Delivery of dsRNA expressed by genetically modified crops to the midgut of phytophagous insects is under investigation as a new tool for
very specific protection of plants from insect pest species. The T. castaneum screening platform offers a system for discovery of candidate genes with high potential benefit.
Understanding how we make electricity in our body and use it for energy...
A phosphate molecule breaks off from the string of 3 and creates a spark...
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It's one of the end products of photophosphorylation and cellular respiration and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by ATP synthase from inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP consists in two phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in cells. ADP is the end-product that results when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups. The conversion of these two molecules plays an important role in supplying energy for many processes of life. One molecule of ATPproduces 7.3 kcal.
Powering the Cell: Mitochondria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrS2uROUjK4
Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance.
Roundup (Glyphosate) May Be The Most Biologically Disruptive Chemical in Our Environment – Monsanto has known about research connecting glyphosate to cancer since the 1970s.
http://mauicauses.org/roundup-glyphosate-may-be-the-most-biologically-disruptive-chemical-in-our-environment-monsanto-has-known-about-research-connecting-glyphosate-to-cancer-since-the-1970s/
Fibromyalgia is described here...
It develops when the immune system mistakes the myelin that surrounds the nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord for a foreign body.
It strips the myelin off the nerves fibres, which disrupts messages passed between the brain and body causing problems with speech, vision and balance.
Another of the study's authors, Professor David Hafler, from Yale University, said that nature had clearly not intended for the immune system to attack its host body, so he expected that an external factor was playing a part.
He said: 'These are not diseases of bad genes alone or diseases caused by the environment, but diseases of a bad interaction between genes and the environment.
